613 Mandamentos (Mitzvot)

248 mandamentos positivos · 365 mandamentos negativos · 30 categorias

613
Total de Mandamentos
248
Positivo (Faça)
365
Negativo (Não faça)
Todos 613 ✅ Positivo ❌ Negativo
🔥 Sacrifícios e Ofertas 96 ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições 70 📅 Tempos Designados 41 🚫 Idolatria 40 ⛪ Levitas e Sacerdotes 35 🍞 Alimentos 35 🌾 Terumá e Dízimos 29 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Casamento e Família 27 🔒 Relações Sexuais Proibidas 24 🏛 Templo e Objetos Sagrados 21 💧 Pureza e Impureza Ritual 20 🌱 Shemitá e Yovel 19 🛡 Guerra e Batalhas 18 🔗 Escravos e Servos 18 ✡ Deus 14 🤲 Provisão para os Pobres 13 💰 Empréstimos 13 ❤ Amor 12 ✂ Nazireus 10 ⚖ Moralidade 9 🤝 Juramentos 8 👑 O Rei 7 👤 Aparência Pessoal 7 📜 Torá 6 🔯 Sinais e Símbolos 5 🙏 Oração e Confissão 4 🧬 Misturas Proibidas 4 👶 Redenção do Primogênito 3 📖 Profecia 3 📊 Negócios 2 Limpar filtro
Mostrando 70 mandamentos — Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
131
The court must fine one who sexually seduces a maiden
EXO 22:16 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged, and lies with her, he must pay a dowry for her to be his wife.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #61
464
The court must judge the damages incurred by an animal eating
EXO 22:5 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man lets a field or vineyard be grazed bare and lets his animal loose so that it grazes in another man's field, he shall make restitution from the best of his own field and the best of his own vineyard.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #55
465
The court must judge the damages incurred by a pit
EXO 21:33 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man opens a pit, or digs a pit and does not cover it over, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #53
466
The court must judge the damages incurred by fire
EXO 22:6 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a fire breaks out and spreads to thorn bushes, so that stacked grain or the standing grain or the field itself is consumed, he who started the fire shall surely make restitution.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #56
468
The court must implement punitive measures against a thief
EXO 22:1 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man steals an ox or a sheep and slaughters it or sells it, he shall pay five oxen for the ox and four sheep for the sheep.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #54
469
Each individual must ensure that his scales and weights are accurate
LEV 19:36 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall have just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin; I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #259
470
Do not commit injustice with scales and weights
LEV 19:35 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall do no wrong in judgment, in measurement of weight, or capacity.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #258
471
Do not possess inaccurate scales and weights even if they are not for use
DEU 25:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not have in your bag differing weights, a large and a small.
Parashá: Ki Tetze
472
Do not move a boundary marker to steal someone's property
DEU 19:14 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not move your neighbor's boundary mark, which the ancestors have set, in your inheritance which you will inherit in the land that the LORD your God gives you to possess.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #522
473
Do not kidnap
EXO 20:15 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not steal.
Parashá: Yitro · Sefer HaChinuch: #36
474
Do not rob
LEV 19:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him. The wages of a hired man are not to remain with you all night until morning.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #229
475
Do not withhold wages or fail to repay a debt
LEV 19:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him. The wages of a hired man are not to remain with you all night until morning.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #228
476
Do not covet and scheme to acquire another's possession
EXO 20:17 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife or his male servant or his female servant or his ox or his donkey or anything that belongs to your neighbor."
Parashá: Yitro · Sefer HaChinuch: #38
481
The court must implement laws against the one who assaults another or damages another's property
EXO 21:18 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If men have a quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, and he does not die but remains in bed,
Parashá: Mishpatim
482
Do not murder
EXO 20:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not murder.
Parashá: Yitro · Sefer HaChinuch: #34
483
Do not accept monetary restitution to atone for a murderer
NUM 35:31 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'Moreover, you shall not take ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of death, but he shall surely be put to death.
Parashá: Masei · Sefer HaChinuch: #412
484
The court must send the accidental murderer to a city of refuge
NUM 35:25 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'The congregation shall deliver the manslayer from the hand of the blood avenger, and the congregation shall restore him to his city of refuge to which he fled; and he shall live in it until the death of the high priest who was anointed with the holy oil.
Parashá: Masei · Sefer HaChinuch: #410
485
Do not accept monetary restitution instead of being sent to a city of refuge
NUM 35:32 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall not take ransom for him who has fled to his city of refuge, that he may return to live in the land before the death of the priest.
Parashá: Masei · Sefer HaChinuch: #413
486
Do not kill a murderer before he stands trial
NUM 35:12 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'The cities shall be to you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands before the congregation for trial.
Parashá: Masei · Sefer HaChinuch: #409
487
Save someone from being killed by a blood avenger even by taking the life of the pursuer
DEU 25:12 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
then you shall cut off her hand; you shall not show pity.
Parashá: Ki Tetze
488
Do not pity a person who pursues an individual accused of murder
NUM 35:12 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'The cities shall be to you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands before the congregation for trial.
Parashá: Masei
490
Designate cities of refuge and prepare routes of access
DEU 19:3 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall prepare the roads for yourself, and divide into three parts the territory of your land which the LORD your God will give you as a possession, so that any manslayer may flee there.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #520
491
Break the neck of a calf by the river valley following an unsolved murder
DEU 21:4 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
and the elders of that city shall bring the heifer down to a valley with running water, which has not been plowed or sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #530
492
Do not work nor plant the river valley where an unsolved murder occurred
DEU 21:4 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
and the elders of that city shall bring the heifer down to a valley with running water, which has not been plowed or sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #531
493
Do not allow pitfalls and obstacles to remain on your property
DEU 22:8 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"When you build a new house, you shall make a parapet for your roof, so that you will not bring bloodguilt on your house if anyone falls from it.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #547
494
Make a guard rail around flat roofs
DEU 22:8 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"When you build a new house, you shall make a parapet for your roof, so that you will not bring bloodguilt on your house if anyone falls from it.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #546
495
Do not put a stumbling block before a blind man
LEV 19:14 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall not curse a deaf man, nor place a stumbling block before the blind, but you shall revere your God; I am the LORD.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #232
517
The courts must carry out the laws of a hired worker and hired guard
EXO 22:10 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man gives his neighbor a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal to keep for him, and it dies or is hurt or is driven away while no one is looking,
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #59
519
Do not delay payment of wages past the agreed time
LEV 19:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him. The wages of a hired man are not to remain with you all night until morning.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #230
524
The courts must carry out the laws of a borrower
EXO 22:14 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man borrows anything from his neighbor, and it is injured or dies while its owner is not with it, he shall make full restitution.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #60
525
The courts must carry out the laws of an unpaid guard
EXO 22:7 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man gives his neighbor money or goods to keep for him and it is stolen from the man's house, if the thief is caught, he shall pay double.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #57
538
The courts must carry out the laws of the plaintiff, admitter, or denier
EXO 22:9 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"For every breach of trust, whether it is for ox, for donkey, for sheep, for clothing, or for any lost thing about which one says, 'This is it,' the case of both parties shall come before the judges; he whom the judges condemn shall pay double to his neighbor.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #58
539
Carry out the laws of the order of inheritance
NUM 27:8 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"Further, you shall speak to the sons of Israel, saying, 'If a man dies and has no son, then you shall transfer his inheritance to his daughter.
Parashá: Pinchas · Sefer HaChinuch: #400
540
Appoint judges
DEU 16:18 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall appoint for yourself judges and officers in all your towns which the LORD your God is giving you, according to your tribes, and they shall judge the people with righteous judgment.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #491
541
Do not appoint judges who are not familiar with the Law
DEU 1:17 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall not show partiality in judgment; you shall hear the small and the great alike. You shall not fear man, for the judgment is God's. The case that is too hard for you, you shall bring to me, and I will hear it.'
Parashá: Devarim · Sefer HaChinuch: #414
542
Decide by majority in case of disagreement
EXO 23:2 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not follow the masses in doing evil, nor shall you testify in a dispute so as to turn aside after a multitude in order to pervert justice;
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #76
543
The court must not execute through a majority of one; at least a majority of two is required
EXO 23:2 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not follow the masses in doing evil, nor shall you testify in a dispute so as to turn aside after a multitude in order to pervert justice;
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #78
544
A judge who presented an acquittal plea must not present an argument for conviction in capital cases
EXO 23:2 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not follow the masses in doing evil, nor shall you testify in a dispute so as to turn aside after a multitude in order to pervert justice;
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #77
545
The courts must carry out the death penalty of stoning
DEU 22:24 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city and you shall stone them to death; the girl, because she did not cry out in the city, and the man, because he has violated his neighbor's wife. Thus you shall purge the evil from among you.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #555
546
The courts must carry out the death penalty of burning
LEV 20:14 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
If there is a man who marries a woman and her mother, it is immorality; both he and they shall be burned with fire, so that there will be no immorality in your midst.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #261
547
The courts must carry out the death penalty of decapitation with the sword
EXO 21:20 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man strikes his male or female slave with a rod and he dies at his hand, he shall be punished.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #50
548
The courts must carry out the death penalty of strangulation
LEV 20:10 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
If there is a man who commits adultery with another man's wife, one who commits adultery with his friend's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
Parashá: Kedoshim
549
The courts must hang those stoned for blasphemy or idolatry
DEU 21:22 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"If a man has committed a sin worthy of death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree,
Parashá: Ki Tetze
550
Bury the executed on the day they are killed
DEU 21:23 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
his corpse shall not hang all night on the tree, but you shall surely bury him on the same day (for he who is hanged is accursed of God), so that you do not defile your land which the LORD your God gives you as an inheritance.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #536
551
Do not delay burial overnight
DEU 21:23 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
his corpse shall not hang all night on the tree, but you shall surely bury him on the same day (for he who is hanged is accursed of God), so that you do not defile your land which the LORD your God gives you as an inheritance.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #537
552
The court must not let the sorcerer live
EXO 22:18 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not allow a sorceress to live.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #62
553
The court must give lashes to the wrongdoer
DEU 25:3 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"He may beat him forty times but no more, so that he does not beat him with many more stripes than these and your brother is not degraded in your eyes.
Parashá: Ki Tetze
554
The court must not exceed the prescribed number of lashes
DEU 25:3 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"He may beat him forty times but no more, so that he does not beat him with many more stripes than these and your brother is not degraded in your eyes.
Parashá: Ki Tetze
555
The court must not kill anybody on circumstantial evidence
EXO 23:7 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"Keep far from a false charge, and do not kill the innocent or the righteous, for I will not acquit the guilty.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #82
556
The court must not punish anybody who was forced to do a crime
DEU 22:26 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"But you shall do nothing to the girl; there is no sin in the girl worthy of death, for just as a man rises against his neighbor and murders him, so is this case.
Parashá: Ki Tetze · Sefer HaChinuch: #556
557
A judge must not pity the murderer or assaulter at the trial
DEU 19:13 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not pity him, but you shall purge the blood of the innocent from Israel, that it may go well with you.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #521
558
A judge must not have mercy on the poor man at the trial
LEV 19:15 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor nor defer to the great, but you are to judge your neighbor fairly.
Parashá: Kedoshim
559
A judge must not respect the great man at the trial
LEV 19:15 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor nor defer to the great, but you are to judge your neighbor fairly.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #234
560
A judge must not decide unjustly the case of the habitual transgressor
EXO 23:6 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not pervert the justice due to your needy brother in his dispute.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #81
561
A judge must not pervert justice
LEV 19:15 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor nor defer to the great, but you are to judge your neighbor fairly.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #233
563
Judge righteously
LEV 19:15 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor nor defer to the great, but you are to judge your neighbor fairly.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #235
564
The judge must not fear a violent man in judgment
DEU 1:17 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall not show partiality in judgment; you shall hear the small and the great alike. You shall not fear man, for the judgment is God's. The case that is too hard for you, you shall bring to me, and I will hear it.'
Parashá: Devarim · Sefer HaChinuch: #415
565
Judges must not accept bribes
EXO 23:8 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not take a bribe, for a bribe blinds the clear-sighted and subverts the cause of the just.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #83
566
Judges must not accept testimony unless both parties are present
EXO 23:1 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not bear a false report; do not join your hand with a wicked man to be a malicious witness.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #74
569
Do not curse any upstanding Israelite
LEV 19:14 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'You shall not curse a deaf man, nor place a stumbling block before the blind, but you shall revere your God; I am the LORD.
Parashá: Kedoshim · Sefer HaChinuch: #231
570
Anybody who knows evidence must testify in court
LEV 5:1 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
Now if a person sins after he hears a public adjuration to testify when he is a witness, whether he has seen or otherwise known, if he does not tell it, then he will bear his guilt.
Parashá: Vayikra · Sefer HaChinuch: #122
571
Carefully interrogate the witness
DEU 13:15 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
you shall surely strike the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying it and all that is in it and its cattle with the edge of the sword.
Parashá: Re'eh · Sefer HaChinuch: #463
572
A witness must not serve as a judge in capital crimes
NUM 35:30 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
'If anyone kills a person, the murderer shall be put to death at the evidence of witnesses, but no person shall be put to death on the testimony of one witness.
Parashá: Masei · Sefer HaChinuch: #411
573
Do not accept testimony from a lone witness
DEU 19:15 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"A single witness shall not rise up against a man on account of any iniquity or any sin which he has committed; on the evidence of two or three witnesses a matter shall be confirmed.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #523
574
Habitual transgressors must not testify
EXO 23:1 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not bear a false report; do not join your hand with a wicked man to be a malicious witness.
Parashá: Mishpatim · Sefer HaChinuch: #75
575
Relatives of the litigants must not testify
DEU 24:16 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"Fathers shall not be put to death for their sons, nor shall sons be put to death for their fathers; everyone shall be put to death for his own sin.
Parashá: Ki Tetze
576
Do not testify falsely
EXO 20:16 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
Parashá: Yitro · Sefer HaChinuch: #37
577
Punish the false witnesses as they tried to punish the defendant
DEU 19:19 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
then you shall do to him just as he had intended to do to his brother. Thus you shall purge the evil from among you.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #524
578
Act according to the ruling of the Sanhedrin
DEU 17:11 ✅ Positivo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"According to the terms of the law which they teach you, and according to the verdict which they tell you, you shall do; you shall not turn aside from the word which they declare to you, to the right or the left.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #495
579
Do not deviate from the word of the Sanhedrin
DEU 17:11 ❌ Negativo ⚔ Tribunais, Crimes e Punições
"According to the terms of the law which they teach you, and according to the verdict which they tell you, you shall do; you shall not turn aside from the word which they declare to you, to the right or the left.
Parashá: Shoftim · Sefer HaChinuch: #496

Ferramentas relacionadas

perguntas frequentes

O que são os 613 mandamentos?
Os 613 mandamentos (mitzvot) são a lista completa de instruções divinas encontradas na Torá — os cinco primeiros livros da Bíblia. Foram codificados por Maimônides no século XII e incluem 248 mandamentos positivos ("faça isto") e 365 negativos ("não faça isto").
O que significam os rótulos P e N?
P significa Positivo — um mandamento para fazer algo (ex: "Honra teu pai e tua mãe"). N significa Negativo — uma proibição (ex: "Não roubarás"). São 248 positivos e 365 negativos.
Quais são as 30 categorias?
Commandments are organized into categories like Sacrifices & Offerings, Courts & Punishments, Appointed Times, Idolatry, Levites & Priests, Food Laws, Marriage & Family, and more. This makes it easy to study related commandments together.
Por que há três idiomas de escritura?
Each commandment shows the original Hebrew text, the Greek Septuagint translation, and an English translation. This allows you to study the commandment in its original language and compare across translations.
O que é uma Parashá?
A Parashah is the weekly Torah reading portion in Jewish liturgical tradition. Each commandment shows which Parashah it belongs to, connecting it to the synagogue reading cycle.
O que é Sefer HaChinuch?
Sefer HaChinuch is a 13th-century work that explains the reasons behind each of the 613 commandments. The number shown here corresponds to that work's ordering system.
Todos os mandamentos ainda são praticados hoje?
Many commandments relate to the Temple, sacrificial system, or agricultural life in ancient Israel and cannot be practiced today. Others — like ethical and moral commandments — remain universally observed across traditions.
Posso filtrar por categoria?
Yes. Use the category pills at the top to filter commandments by any of the 30 categories. You can also filter by polarity (positive/negative) to see only commands or only prohibitions.
Como os mandamentos se relacionam com o Novo Testamento?
Jesus summarized the commandments in two great principles: love God and love your neighbor (Matthew 22:37-40). Paul and other apostles discuss the relationship between the Law and grace throughout the Epistles.
Por que o texto diz "D-us" em vez de "Deus"?
The original data follows Jewish scholarly convention, which avoids writing the full name of God out of reverence. This is a traditional practice in Jewish scholarship and documentation.